Origins of the Kernavė’s thunder God Perkūnas

In 1855 the Museum of Antiquities has founded in Vilnius thanks to the efforts of Count Eustachijus Tiškevičius (Eustachy Tyszkiewicz, 1814–1873). A. H. Kirkor was in charge of the museum’s archeological section. The thunder God Perkūnas sculpture caught the eye of scientists in 1858. The thunder God Perkūnas sculpture was placed in a number in a display catalogue of objects of the Museum of Antiquities created by A. H. Kirkor.

How a finding of unclear origins became a museum curators’ treasure

A short explanation provided states that it “Perkūnas, the Lithuanian God of thunder, found in the earth in Kernavė, not far from Vilnius.” It is marked that the find was given over to the museum by historian and writer Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887). Wanting to know how this impressive find ended up in the hands of Kraszewski, we looked through his work.

In Kraszewski’s most important work, published in 1860, which dealt with the archaeological theme “Slavic art especially in Poland and pre-Christian Lithuania” (written in Polish) we find a more detailed description of the Perkūnas sculpture. It is supposed that in one hand thunder God Perkūnas is holding a bundle of thunder, while in the other, it seems, he is holding a hammer.

It is noted that there is no other information on the finding of thunder God Perkūnas, just that it was found in a grave in Lithuania. Kraszewski wrote that from the same, unnamed person also received a silver sculpture, found elsewhere in Lithuania.

These remarks by Kraszewski were later apparently “forgotten” by all who wrote about Perkūnas later. The data recorded by Kraszewski that he received directly from the person who found the thunder God Perkūnas sculpture are more trustworthy than that written by Kirkor later on in his catalogue of the Museum of Antiquities. Thus the Kernavė origins of the Lithuanian God of Thunder are in serious doubt.

Kernavė through the eyes of a romantic

What could, in the middle of the 19^th century tie Kernavė with, as was thought at the time, the sculpture of the Lithuanian God of Thunder? In the 1826 historical novel Pojata, Daughter of Lezdejko; or, Lithuania in the Fourteenth Century by Feliks Aleksander Geysztowt Bernatowicz, Kernavė was elevated with the spirit of Romanticism of the time, as one of the last citadels of paganism.

Inspired by Bernatowicz, other writers of the mid-19^th century viewed Kernavė in a similar way. In 1857, Tyszkiewicz described his trip along the River Neris in the following way: “On one of them (hilltop forts) the holy fire of the Eternal Hearth, worshipped by people, burned. On another, the Krivių Krivaitis, the high priest of ancient Lithuania, explained one’s fate or proclaimed the will of the gods to the people. On yet another hill, was the ruler of Lithuania and a man, the reigning duke, expressing his respect for the Eternal Hearth, sending orders to the country, taking care of the citizens’ rights and the country’s public order.”

In the same year, Władysław Syrokomla (real name Ludwik Władysław Franciszek Kondratowicz, 1823–1862) visited Kernavė and attempted to make excavations on the hilltop forts. In his description of trips from Vilnius all over Lithuania, he wrote: “The Holy, or Barščių, Hill moved our imagination in particular, excited by memories of the last Krivių Krivaitis, who, with Lithuania now Christianized, received shelter with the eternal flame and its gods in Kernavė. His Sanctuary was most likely on the hill.”

Archeologist and writer Petras Tarasenka (1892-1962), who began his work in an independent Lithuania, also employed the use of 19^th century Romanticism and its ideas. Thanks to him the hilltop fort described by earlier authors, mythologized and called Holy Hill, was linked with the find under discussion here.

Inspired by Perkūnas, Tarasenka wrote a novella called “In the Temple of Perkūnas” in 1939. The story’s characters find our Perkūnas sculpture after a long search on the central hilltop fort of Kernavė (the hill fort of Aukuro Hill), which in their opinion was the location of the Perkūnas temple, though this sculpture is gold and a meter high.

“The God of Pagans” from Saxony

In this way, the bronze figure that was found from who knows where at the beginning was “placed” in Kernavė, and later, and today, on the hilltop fort known as Aukuro Hill. The problem is that the names of Kernavė’s hill forts, such as Aukuro Hill, Mindaugas’ Throne, Lizdeikos Hill, don’t have anything to do either with pagan temples or with historical figures.

They were created by authors and stuck at the beginning of the 20th century. In this case, it was archeologists who became a myth busters. Based on their research, the castle-residence of the duke was on the Aukuro Hill (Altar Hill) hilltop fort, while Mindaugas’ Throne and Lizdeikos Hill (Lizdeika Hill) hill forts served as defensive outworks, while Pilies Hill (Castle Hill) was the location of a foot settlement inhabited by artisans. What’s more, still in the 20^th century the hilltop forts were simply called hills by the local inhabitants.

Lizdeika Hill was called Smailiakalnis (Sharp Hill) because of its appearance, while Aukuro Hill was called Barščių Hill because of the plants that dominated there. Mindaugas’ Throne was called Pilies Hill (Castle Hill), and it is the only hill fort that we can link to a historical memory that still burns bright.

However, let’s return to the Perkūnas sculpture. Already by the 19th century, Vilnius Interim Archaeological Commission member M. Gusev noticed new other similar figures in German museums that doubted whether the bearded man really depicted the Lithuanian god Perkūnas. Roman art expert V. Darkevičius stated in an article of his published in 1963 that according to the technique and style, the sculpture was part of a candlestick made in the city of Hildesheim, Saxony in the second half of the 13th century.

Four similar statues were decorated with legs of a thick candlestick, which is why the Perkūnas sculpture has a vertical hole. It is thought that in the 13th or 14th century, Kernavė’s inhabitants robbed a church during an attack in Livonia or Prussia and transported the candlestick or parts of it as bounty.

Thus the famous Perkūnas sculpture from Aukuro Hill is not Perkūnas, not from Aukuro Hill, and most likely was not found in Kernavė. But for many the bronze sculpture is an inseparable part of Kernavė’s heritage, which will remain a legend that beautifully illustrates our past.

Interesting fact:

The names of Kernavė’s hilltop forts, such as Aukuro Hill, Mindaugas’ Throne, Lizdeikos Hill, were created by authors and stuck at the beginning of the 20^th century. What’s more, the local inhabitants named the hills according to their physical features. For example, Lizdeikos Hill was called Smailiakalnis Hill (Sharp Hill) because of its appearance, while Aukuro Hill was called Barščių Hill, because of the plants that dominated there. Mindaugas’ Throne was called Pilies Hill (Castle Hill), and it is the only hill fort that we can link to a historical memory that still burns bright.